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How the Polish Black Madonna Became Haitian Vodou Spirit Erzulie Dantor

Last updated on: July 26, 2018 at 1:25 pm by Andrew Chesnut

By Dr. Kate Kingsbury† and Debra Van Neste*

Since time immemorial religions have been born from the random rencounters of disparate doxa that have syncretically intertwined to create new modes of believing, belonging and being in our world. Vodou is one such religion, whose roots are an entangled skein of myriad origins. Primarily the faith’s principal provenance may be traced to Africa, yet Vodou has also been critically contoured by Catholicism. Only once we understand how cocktails of convictions create new religions, can we comprehend how the Black Madonna became a Vodou Spirit.

A Racist Myth: the Satanic Savage

Catholicism was imposed upon the New World by the French colonists and Iberian conquistadors. European missionaries proselytised with the paternalistic promise to ‘civilise the savages’ and deliver them from the evils of their own indigenous beliefs, which according to Darwinian tropes in time at that place, held back their evolution. Furthermore, according to the racist ideology prevalent in that zeitgeist, Christians asserted that local spiritual beliefs had at their fulcrum diabolical deities and satanic forces that would only lead to iniquity and debauchery. They must be eradicated.

Notwithstanding this, conversion to Christianity did not inhere locals merely ‘uploading’ Christian beliefs and rituals as a carbon-copy. Christianity was reinterpreted by local populaces, such as African slaves and other indigenous peoples, along the lines of their own pre-existing religious traditions.

Vodou Visions : a New Faith in a New World

In the 18th century slaves from Africa were forcibly brought to Haiti by the colonial powers to work on the plantations thereby providing dirt-cheap labour for their white masters. Many slaves were brought from Dahomey (Benin), Ghana, Senegal, the Gambia, Nigeria, Angola and the Congo. Although stripped of their family, roots and homeland, these slaves retained the complex cornucopia of beliefs and rituals that had at its fulcrum indigenous spirits -often related to nature and the elements- ancestor worship and possession by spirits.

Those from Dahomey practised Vodun, which although the grandparent of Vodou, is not exactly the same. Albeit, it is incontrovertibly evident that Haitian Vodou, much like its older parent, consists of a polytheistic pantheon of spirits and divine elements that reign over the cosmos.

Upon arriving in the colony these slaves formed a new multicultural community, even conjoining with the few Taino Amerindians that remained after the decimation by Christopher Columbus’ men. And the congeries of spiritual ideas coalesced to form Haitian Vodou. This faith and its rituals indubitably offered the captives respite and succor as they sought solace and agency, invoking spirits, known as Lwa, to cope with the egregious conditions imposed upon them by their white masters and violent atrocities to which the colonisers subjected them to on a daily basis.

The French, afraid of these seemingly ‘savage’ beliefs and ‘wild’ rituals forced the slaves to convert to Christianity. This concatenation of events led to a cultural cooking pot where different religious registers syncretically synthesised and symphonised. Due to the imposition by the French of Catholicism, the religious arras that is Vodou was added to with Christian colours that entangled within the webs of other interwoven threads came to take on new meanings and impel neoteric modes of worship.

Maria's avatar

Thank you for this beautiful piece. I love the idea of liminal space, how it may never bring external recognition, yet can lead to something far more meaningful. There’s a freedom in allowing ourselves to explore the uncertainty, to linger in the void because that’s often where the real magic unfolds.

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